Architecture

System Architecture

The Opinion CLOB SDK implements a hybrid architecture that integrates off-chain order matching with on-chain settlement. This Python client provides programmatic access to the Opinion prediction market infrastructure deployed on BNB Chain.

High-Level Architecture

┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│                    Your Application                              │
└───────────────────────────┬─────────────────────────────────────┘
                            │
                            ▼
┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│                  opinion_clob_sdk.Client                         │
│  ┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐   │
│  │  API Layer (opinion_api)                                 │   │
│  │  - Market data queries                                   │   │
│  │  - Order submission                                      │   │
│  │  - Position tracking                                     │   │
│  └─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘   │
│  ┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐   │
│  │  Chain Layer (Web3)                                      │   │
│  │  - Smart contract interactions                           │   │
│  │  - Token operations (split/merge/redeem)                 │   │
│  │  - Transaction signing                                   │   │
│  └─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘   │
│  ┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐   │
│  │  Order Utils (EIP712)                                    │   │
│  │  - Order building                                        │   │
│  │  - Cryptographic signing                                 │   │
│  │  - Gnosis Safe integration                               │   │
│  └─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘   │
└───────────┬──────────────────────────────────┬─────────────────┘
            │                                  │
            ▼                                  ▼
┌─────────────────────────┐      ┌──────────────────────────────┐
│  Opinion CLOB API       │      │  BNB Chain (BSC)             │
│  - Order matching       │      │  - ConditionalTokens         │
│  - Market data          │      │  - USDT (Collateral)         │
│  - User positions       │      │  - Gnosis Safe               │
└─────────────────────────┘      └──────────────────────────────┘

Core Components

1. Client (`sdk.py`)

The Client class serves as the primary interface, orchestrating interactions across API and blockchain layers.

Responsibilities:

API connection management and authentication
Method exposure for market data, trading, and contract operations
Market data and quote token caching with configurable TTL
Coordination between HTTP requests and Web3 transactions

Key Configuration:

client = Client(
    host='https://proxy.opinion.trade:8443',  # API endpoint
    apikey='your_api_key',                     # Authentication
    chain_id=56,                                # BNB Chain
    rpc_url='https://bsc-dataseed.binance.org',
    private_key='0x...',                        # For signing
    multi_sig_addr='0x...'                      # Assets wallet
)

2. API Layer (`opinion_api`)

Auto-generated OpenAPI client managing HTTP communication with the Opinion CLOB backend.

Capabilities:

RESTful API invocation with type-safe request/response models
Request serialization and response deserialization
HTTP status code handling and error propagation
Bearer token authentication (API key-based)

Endpoints Covered:

Market discovery and details
Orderbook snapshots
Price data and candles
Order placement and cancellation
Position and balance queries
Trade history

3. Chain Layer (`chain/contract_caller.py`)

Web3 integration layer enabling direct blockchain interactions via the web3.py library.

Smart Contracts Integrated:

Contract

Address

Purpose

ConditionalTokens

0xAD1a38cEc043e70E83a3eC30443dB285ED10D774

Core prediction market contract for splitting/merging positions

MultiSend

0x998739BFdAAdde7C933B942a68053933098f9EDa

Gnosis Safe batch transaction helper

USDT

Native BNB Chain USDT

Collateral token for all markets

Operations:

split() - Convert USDT → outcome tokens (YES/NO)
merge() - Convert outcome tokens → USDT
redeem() - Claim winnings from resolved markets
enable_trading() - Approve token allowances

4. Order Utils (`chain/py_order_utils/`)

Order construction and signing module implementing EIP712 typed structured data signatures.

Components:

OrderBuilder - Constructs valid order objects with all required fields
Signer - Signs orders using private key (EOA) or Gnosis Safe
Model Classes - Type-safe order representations

EIP712 Signing Process:

Order Data → EIP712 Hash → ECDSA Signature → Signed Order → API

5. Gnosis Safe Integration (`chain/safe/`)

Support for multi-signature wallets using Gnosis Safe v1.3.0 contracts.

Key Concepts:

Signer Address - The private key that signs orders (can be a Safe owner)
Multi-Sig Address - The Safe contract holding your funds
Signature Type 2 - Indicates Gnosis Safe signature scheme

Data Flow Patterns

Pattern 1: Market Data Query (Gas-Free)

Application
    ↓ call get_markets()
Client
    ↓ HTTP GET /markets
Opinion API
    ↓ response (JSON)
Client (caches result, TTL-based)
    ↓ return typed object
Application

Characteristics:

Pure API interaction, no blockchain transaction
Zero gas cost
Response latency: 50-150ms (cached: <1ms)
Configurable TTL-based caching

Pattern 2: Order Placement (Gas-Free via CLOB)

Application
    ↓ place_order(order_data)
Client
    ↓ construct order
OrderBuilder
    ↓ generate EIP712 hash
Signer
    ↓ ECDSA signature (secp256k1)
Client
    ↓ HTTP POST /orders + signature
Opinion API
    ↓ verify signature (ecrecover)
    ↓ match against orderbook
    ↓ settle on-chain (backend batch)
Client
    ↓ return order confirmation (trans_no)
Application

Characteristics:

Gas abstraction: backend covers settlement costs
Cryptographic proof of authorization via ECDSA signature
Order matching latency: 200-500ms
On-chain settlement batched asynchronously

Pattern 3: Smart Contract Operation (Gas Required)

Application
    ↓ split(market_id, amount)
Client
    ↓ construct transaction data
Web3 Provider
    ↓ gas estimation
    ↓ transaction signing (ECDSA)
    ↓ broadcast to BNB Chain RPC
BNB Chain
    ↓ transaction inclusion (block creation)
    ↓ ConditionalTokens.splitPosition() execution
    ↓ event emission (logs)
Client
    ↓ transaction receipt polling
    ↓ return transaction hash
Application

Characteristics:

Gas payment required (BNB native token)
Direct smart contract invocation
Block confirmation time: ~3 seconds (BSC)
Finality: ~10 blocks (~15 seconds recommended)
State changes immutable post-confirmation

Authentication & Security

Blockchain Signing

Two-key system for enhanced security:

Private Key (Signer)
- Signs orders and transactions
- Can be a hot wallet for automated trading
- Never leaves your application
Multi-Sig Address (Funder)
- Holds your USDT and outcome tokens
- Gnosis Safe v1.3.0 create via GnosisSafeProxyFactory(0xa6B71E26C5e0845f74c812102Ca7114b6a896AB2) on BNB Chain
- Requires approval for token operations

Example Configuration:

# EOA (externally owned account) setup
private_key = "0x..."        # Signs orders
multi_sig_addr = "0x..."     # Same as signer (EOA holds funds)

# Gnosis Safe setup
private_key = "0x..."        # Safe owner key (signs orders)
multi_sig_addr = "0x..."     # Safe contract address (holds funds)

Precision and Number Handling

Token Decimals

All tokens use 18 decimal places (Wei standard):

1 USDT = 1_000_000_000_000_000_000 wei
0.5 YES = 500_000_000_000_000_000 wei

Price Representation

Prices are quoted as decimal strings representing probability:

"0.5"   = 50% probability (50¢ per share)
"0.75"  = 75% probability (75¢ per share)

Valid Range: 0.01 to 0.99 (1% to 99%)

Amount Specifications

Orders can specify amounts in two ways:

# Quote token (USDT) amount
PlaceOrderDataInput(
    makerAmountInQuoteToken=10  # Spend 10 USDT
)

# Base token (outcome token) amount
PlaceOrderDataInput(
    makerAmountInBaseToken=5    # Buy/sell 5 YES tokens
)

Caching Strategy

The SDK implements intelligent caching for frequently accessed data:

Market Cache

client = Client(
    market_cache_ttl_seconds=60,  # Cache markets for 1 minute
    ...
)

Rationale: Market metadata rarely changes, reducing API load.

Quote Token Cache

client = Client(
    quote_token_cache_ttl_seconds=3600,  # Cache for 1 hour
    ...
)

Rationale: Supported currencies (USDT) are static configuration.

Real-Time Data

Never cached:

Orderbook snapshots
Latest prices
User positions
Order status

Error Handling Architecture

API Errors

Structured response format:

{
  "errno": 400,
  "errmsg": "____"
}

Common Error Codes:

0 - Success
400 - Invalid request parameters
500 - Internal server error

Chain Errors

from opinion_clob_sdk.chain.exception import (
    BalanceNotEnough,           # Insufficient tokens
    NoPositionsToRedeem,        # No winning positions
    InsufficientGasBalance      # Not enough BNB for gas
)

Handling Strategy:

try:
    tx_hash = client.split(market_id=813, amount=1000000000000000000)
except BalanceNotEnough:
    print("Insufficient USDT balance")
except InsufficientGasBalance:
    print("Need more BNB for gas fees")
except Exception as e:
    print(f"Unexpected error: {e}")

Performance Benchmarks

API Response Times

Operation

Typical Latency

Factors

Get markets

50-150ms

Cached: <10ms

Get orderbook

100-300ms

Market depth

Place order

200-500ms

Signature verification

Get positions

100-200ms

Position count

Blockchain Transactions

Operation

Block Confirmation

Finality

Split

2 block (~3s)

10 blocks (~15s)

Merge

2 block (~3s)

10 blocks (~15s)

Redeem

2 block (~3s)

10 blocks (~15s)

Approve

2 block (~3s)

10 blocks (~15s)

Note: BNB Chain (BSC) has ~1.5 second block time and recommends waiting 10 blocks for finality.

Python Compatibility

Supported: Python 3.8, 3.9, 3.10, 3.11, 3.12

Recommended: Python 3.10+ for best performance and type checking

Extensibility

Custom RPC Providers

The SDK supports any Web3-compatible RPC provider:

# Free public RPC
client = Client(rpc_url='https://bsc-dataseed.binance.org', ...)

Next Steps

Client - Detailed setup guide
Order - Understanding market/limit orders
Gas Operations - When you need BNB
Precision - Working with Wei units

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Last updated 7 days ago

System Architecture

High-Level Architecture

Core Components

1. Client (sdk.py)

2. API Layer (opinion_api)

3. Chain Layer (chain/contract_caller.py)

4. Order Utils (chain/py_order_utils/)

5. Gnosis Safe Integration (chain/safe/)

Data Flow Patterns

Pattern 1: Market Data Query (Gas-Free)

Pattern 2: Order Placement (Gas-Free via CLOB)

Pattern 3: Smart Contract Operation (Gas Required)

Authentication & Security

Blockchain Signing

Precision and Number Handling

Token Decimals

Price Representation

Amount Specifications

Caching Strategy

Market Cache

Quote Token Cache

Real-Time Data

Error Handling Architecture

API Errors

Chain Errors

Performance Benchmarks

API Response Times

Blockchain Transactions

Python Compatibility

Extensibility

Custom RPC Providers

Next Steps

1. Client (`sdk.py`)

2. API Layer (`opinion_api`)

3. Chain Layer (`chain/contract_caller.py`)

4. Order Utils (`chain/py_order_utils/`)

5. Gnosis Safe Integration (`chain/safe/`)